Human Relations And Privacy And Confidentiality Social Work Essay

Human Relations And Privacy And Confidentiality Social Work Essay (Professional Ethics, n.d., para. 1) states, Ethics are rules and values used in a professional setting. Professional ethics concerns the moral issues that arise because of the specialist knowledge that professionals attain, and how the use of this knowledge should be governed when providing a service to the public. (Professional Ethics, n.d., para. 1) further states the professional carries additional moral responsibilities to those held by the population in general. This is because professionals are capable of making and acting on an informed decision in situations that the general public cannot, because they have not received the relevant training. Most professions use professional ethics, which, are encoded in their code of ethics to internally regulate themselves and preserve the integrity of the profession as well as preventing the exploitation of clients. The codes of ethics are broad guidelines that members are required to convert to the appropriate professional behaviour. Herlihy and Corey (as cited in Corey, Corey and Callanan 2007) suggests that a code of ethics has the following objectives: Educate the professional about sound ethical conduct Provide a mechanism for professional accountability Serve as a catalyst for improving practice Engels, Pope and Vasquez cited in Corey, Corey and Callanan (2007) highlighted that despite these code of ethics the professional will face limitations and problems in striving to be ethically responsible. Limitations cited included: Ethic codes may lack clarity and precision which make assessment of ethical applications difficult A practitioners personal values may conflict with a specific standard within an ethics code The codes may not align with state laws or regulations regarding reporting requirements Ethics codes should be understood and applied within the specific cultural framework) Professional ethics can be subdivided into two levels, namely mandatory ethics and aspirational ethics. Mandatory ethics represents basic ethics, which comply with the minimal standards, while aspirational ethics are the highest standards of thinking and conduct to be sought by the professional (Corey, Corey and Callanan, 2007, p.13). Corey, Corey and Callanan (2007) states Aspiration ethics means that the professional will seek to go further and reflect on the effects their interventions may have on the welfare of their clients. Aspirational ethics have been captured by the American Psychological Association (APA) in the general principles of its codes of ethics. (APA General Guidelines , n.d., par 1) states that compliance with these guidelines are not mandatory or enforceable however they are intended to guide and inspire psychologists toward the very highest ethical ideals of the profession. The principles stated in the APA Ethical Principles Code of Conduct include the following : Beneficence and Non-maleficence This requires the psychologist to strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to ensure they do no harm. In addition, they are to seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affected persons. Fidelity and Responsibility Psychologists are expected to establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work. They should be aware of their professional and scientific responsibilities to society and to the specific communities in which they work. They should uphold professional standards of conduct, clarify their professional roles and obligations, accept appropriate responsibility for their behavior, and seek to manage conflicts of interest that could lead to exploitation or harm. Integrity-Psychologists should seek to promote accuracy, honesty and truthfulness in the science, teaching and practice of psychology. In these activities psychologists should not steal, cheat, or engage in fraud, subterfuge, or intentional misrepresentation of fact. Justice -Psychologists should recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures, and services being conducted by psychologists. Respect for people rights and dignity-Psychologists should respect the dignity and worth of all people and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality and self-determination. Psychologists should be are aware that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision-making. The other component of the APA Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct for psychologist is the Code of Conduct/ Ethical Standards, which are enforceable standards that should guide the actions of the psychologist in their professional lives. The APA has 10 ethical standards and, for the purpose of our discussion, we will focus on three of these namely, competence, human relations and privacy and confidentiality. The three standards cover a broad spectrum of issues, which will be discussed at a summary level. The APA Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct competence standard requires the Counseling and Consulting Psychologist to only provide services, teach or conduct research only within the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training, supervised experience, consultation, study or professional experience. Additionally they are expected to continuously undertake efforts to maintain and improve their competence. Finally, they should exercise self-awareness that will reduce the likelihood that they will undertake an activity, which their personal problems could prevent them from performing in a competent manner. Possessing the relevant competencies, maintaining and improving these competences and taking steps to ensure that personal conflicts or problems do not prevent them from properly executing their job is tied into the general principle of beneficence and non maleficence which are aimed at doing what is best for the client. Seeking to prevent personal conflicts a nd problems affecting the working relationship is consistent with the recommendation that Counseling and Consulting Psychologist maintain notes of their feelings resulting from interactions with clients. The counseling psychologist in the therapeutic relationship would maintain process notes, which among other things includes the therapist thoughts, feelings and reactions to clients. The consulting psychologist should keep notes, such as a diary, which details feelings and reactions to members of the client organization system. This self-monitoring should help the psychologist to identify problems during the therapeutic/consultative process that can negatively affect the relationship and therefore take the requisite steps such as getting counseling or terminating to prevent harm to the client. The APA ethical standard on human relations encompasses the avoidance of unfair discrimination of clients, avoiding harm, multiple relationships, use of informed consent, and managing conflict of interest among others. Discussions in this paper will be on avoiding harm, multiple relationships and informed consent. The standard requires the counseling and consulting psychologist to take reasonable steps to avoid harm to clients, organisational client, supervisees and others with whom they work and to minimize harm where it is foreseeable and unavoidable. Seeking to minimize harm where it is foreseeable and unavoidable bears significance for the consulting psychologist as their interventions and the resulting changes may have an impact on persons unknown. This results from the nature of the consulting relationship, which usually involve three parties, the consultant, the consultee/client system and the client groups served by the consultee (Lowan, 2002, p. 733). Additionally, the APA s tandard states the Counseling and Consulting psychologist should avoid multiple relationships with clients directly or thorough a person closely associated with or related to the client. Lowman, (2002) defines multiple relationships as those situations in which the psychologist functions in more than one professional relationship, as well as those in which the psychologist functions in a professional role and another definitive and intended role. Specific risks associated with such relationships outlined in the code of ethics include loss of objectivity and exploitation of the client by the psychologist (Lowman, 2002, p. 739). The consulting psychologist needs to be aware of the potential harm that can result from their failing to effectively manage relationships within the organization and that it can affect not only those in the dual relationship but also others in the organization (Lowman, 2002, p. 740). The challenges facing consulting psychologists in this regard are special, a s in most instances a dual relationship will exist. Dual relationships in and of themselves are not always bad and they can be considered inevitable however, they need to be managed carefully. If the consultant is hired based on a referral from a member of the consultee system with whom the consultant has a previous social or professional relationship, this can present several issues. These issues includes how the consultants perspective may be affected by information received from this person, expectations that the persons may have in terms of access to or influence on the consultant, how the dual relationship is perceived by other in the organization and is resultant impact on these persons interaction with the consultant.(Lowman, 2002, p.741). The presence of dual or multiple relationships in the therapeutic relationship can create situations in which the client feels they cannot be assertive or take care of themselves. This arises primarily due to the existence or previous exist ence of a therapeutic relationship that creates and uneven balance of power between the therapist and the client. These multiple relationships can include romantic involvement with a previous client after the 2 years stipulated by the standards or the therapist involvement in a business relationship with the client. The avoidance of these dual relationships are advocated for family member and close friends as the increased intimacy can reduce the therapist effectiveness as a professional. The psychologist objectivity and maintenance of professional distance is usually impaired if dual relationships are established. Informed Consent is a particularly important area covered by this ethical standard. Freeman (cited in Lowan 2002) defined informed consent in terms of four essential elements (1) the competence of participants to make rational decisions regarding whether or not to participate; (2) the voluntary nature of participation; (3) access to full information regarding the purposes, potential risks and benefits, and the likely outcomes of participation; and (4) the ability to comprehend relevant information. The Consulting psychologist faces peculiar challenges in obtaining informed consent, as the client is more difficult to identify. The consulting psychologist will rightly identify the organization as the client but the organization is made up of groups of individuals organized in a hierarchical structure that intrinsically carries power differentials. While the consulting psychologist can say that the organization is represented by whom ever contracted them, and these persons may be suppor tive of the consultation, can the same be said of others in the lower levels of the organization. The organization hierarchical structure makes one question whether participation is truly voluntary (Lowman, 2002, p.737). Additionally, contrary to group therapy where all the individuals sign an informed consent, this may not be practical for all the persons that may be involved with the consultative process. A dilemma exists even if the contracting person (organisational representative) signs an informed consent, can it be said to be truly be on behalf of all the persons in the organization? In my opinion, the matter of persons having full information regarding the purposes, potential risks and benefits of the process can also be questioned. Again, full information may be available to top management, but not to all members of the organization. The counseling psychologist is expected to obtaining informed consent from the individuals, families, couples or groups members in the early stages of establishing the therapeutic relationship. Corey, Corey and Callanan state, The main purpose of the informed consent is to increase the chances that the client will become involved, educated and a willing participant in therapy. Informed consent involves providing the client with sufficient information to make informed choices about entering into, and continuing the client/therapist relationship. Providing the client with information, is a way of protecting the clients rights and teaching them about their rights, which encourages the developments of a healthy sense of self and personal power (Corey, Corey Callanan, 2007, p.154). It is important, as it outlines the basis of the relationship and is one of the means of establishing boundaries within the relationship. The APA Privacy and Confidentiality ethical standard states Psychologists have a primary obligation to take reasonable precautions to protect confidential information obtained through or stored in any medium. The importance of confidentiality is emphasized by Bersoff (cited in Lowan 2002) who states except for the ultimate percept -above all, do no harm there is probably no ethical value in psychology that is more inculcated than confidentiality. The psychologist is required to protect the information and to disclose the limitation on that confidentiality as dictated by legal or other requirements. Confidentiality in the organizational setting, poses challenges, such as the number of persons who have legitimate access to the data collected, for example management personnel or committees (Lowman, 2002, p. 738). The consulting psychologist will have to address these limitations openly and seek to establish a collective responsibility with members of the consultee system, which will pr omote a collective approach to the handling of such matters (Lowman, 2002, p. 738). Unlike the counseling psychologist, who deals with clients one to one, by their choice or acts on behalf of a third party, in which case the client is informed and can chose what information to divulge. The consulting psychologist has to work to overcome the perception of possible victimization that less powerful persons within an organization may feel if they disclose certain information. This can prevent the psychologist from obtaining important information, and if it is received, he/she may be faced with an ethical dilemma of how to use the information, taking into consideration how it can affect the individual or the organization. Based on the fore going discussions it is seen that the professional code of ethics is vital for the counseling and consulting psychologist. Professional ethics are a requirement for the profession of psychologist, just as a society cannot exist with rules and laws so psychological profession cannot exist without ethics. The counseling and consulting psychologist needs to know and practice these ethical requirements in their professional practice, failing which, they could be barred from the profession or face legal action. Compliance is required for the profession and for the individual to be economically viable, as the service provided must be of a quality that can be trusted. Professions are built on the trust that the public places in it and if that trust is eroded, it is doomed. Additionally, professional ethics protect the consumers of the service by the establishment of standards and removing some of the personal values or morals, which could be harmful. It has its limitations , as it does not provide ready-made answers for everything, only provide broad guidelines.

Major Problems Faced by Indian Agriculture

Major Problems Faced by Indian Agriculture The major problems confronting Indian agriculture are those of population pressure, small holdings, depleted soils, lack of modern technology and poor facilities for storage. (a) Population Pressure: India has a huge population of over one billion and it is increasing at a very fast rate. According to 2001 census figures the over all density of population is 324 persons per sq. km. This is likely to increase further in future. This has created great demand for land. Every bit of land has been brought under the plough.Even the hill slopes have been cut into terraces for cultivation. (b) Small and Fragmented Land Holdings: The pressure of increasing population and the practice of dividing land equally among the heirs has caused excessive sub divisions of farm holdings. Consequently, the holdings are small and fragmented. The small size of holdings makes farming activity uneconomical and leads to social tension, violence and discontentment. (c) Inadequate Irrigation Facilities: By and large the irrigation facilities available in India are far from adequate.So for half of the total area under food crops has been brought under irrigation and the remaining half is left to the mercy of monsoon rains which are erratic in time and space. (d) Depleted Soils: Indian soils have been used for growing crops for thousands of years which have resulted in the depletion of soil fertility. With deforestation the sources of maintaining natural fertility of soil has been drying out. Lack of material resources and ignorance of scientific knowledge have further depleted the soils of the natural fertility. Earlier only animal waste was enough to maintain soil fertility. e) Storage of food grains: Storage of food grains is a big problem. Nearly 10 per cent of our harvest goes waste every year in the absence of proper storage facilities. This colossal wastage can be avoided by developing scientific ware-housing facilities. The government has ta ken several steps to provide storage facilities. (f) Farm Implements: Although some mechanisation of farming has taken place in some parts of the country, most of the farmers are poor and do not have enough resources to purchase modern farm implements and tools.This hampers the development of agriculture. Challenges agriculture sector challenges will be important to India’s overall development and the improved welfare of its rural poor: 1. Raising agricultural productivity per unit of land: Raising productivity per unit of land will need to be the main engine of agricultural growth as virtually all cultivable land is farmed. Water resources are also limited and water for irrigation must contend with increasing industrial and urban needs.All measures to increase productivity will need exploiting, amongst them: increasing yields, diversification to higher value crops, and developing value chains to reduce marketing costs. 2. Reducing rural poverty through a socially inclusive s trategy that comprises both agriculture as well as non-farm employment: Rural development must also benefit the poor, landless, women, scheduled castes and tribes. Moreover, there are strong regional disparities: the majority of India’s poor are in rain-fed areas or in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic plains. Reaching such groups has not been easy.While progress has been made – the rural population classified as poor fell from nearly 40% in the early 1990s to below 30% by the mid-2000s (about a 1% fall per year) – there is a clear need for a faster reduction. Hence, poverty alleviation is a central pillar of the rural development efforts of the Government and the World Bank. 3. Ensuring that agricultural growth responds to food security needs: The sharp rise in food-grain production during India’s Green Revolution of the 1970s enabled the country to achieve self-sufficiency in food-grains and stave off the threat of famine.Agricultural intensification in the 197 0s to 1980s saw an increased demand for rural labor that raised rural wages and, together with declining food prices, reduced rural poverty. However agricultural growth in the 1990s and 2000s slowed down, averaging about 3. 5% per annum, and cereal yields have increased by only 1. 4% per annum in the 2000s. The slow-down in agricultural growth has become a major cause for concern. India’s rice yields are one-third of China’s and about half of those in Vietnam and Indonesia. The same is true for most other agricultural commodities.Policy makers will thus need to initiate and/or conclude policy actions and public programs to shift the sector away from the existing policy and institutional regime that appears to be no longer viable and build a solid foundation for a much more productive, internationally competitive, and diversified agricultural sector. Priority Areas for Support 1. Enhancing agricultural productivity, competitiveness, and rural growth Promoting new techno logies and reforming agricultural research and extension: Major reform and strengthening of India’s agricultural research and extension systems is one of the most important needs for agricultural growth.These services have declined over time due to chronic underfunding of infrastructure and operations, no replacement of aging researchers or broad access to state-of-the-art technologies. Research now has little to provide beyond the time-worn packages of the past. Public extension services are struggling and offer little new knowledge to farmers. There is too little connection between research and extension, or between these services and the private sector. Improving Water Resources and Irrigation/Drainage Management: Agriculture is India’s largest user of water.However, increasing competition for water between industry, domestic use and agriculture has highlighted the need to plan and manage water on a river basin and multi-sectoral basis. As urban and other demands mu ltiply, less water is likely to be available for irrigation. Ways to radically enhance the productivity of irrigation (â€Å"more crop per drop†) need to be found. Piped conveyance, better on-farm management of water, and use of more efficient delivery mechanisms such as drip irrigation are among the actions that could be taken. There is also a need to manage as opposed to exploit the use of groundwater.Incentives to pump less water such as levying electricity charges or community monitoring of use have not yet succeeded beyond sporadic initiatives. Other key priorities include: (i) modernizing Irrigation and Drainage Departments to integrate the participation of farmers and other agencies in managing irrigation water; (ii) improving cost recovery; (iii) rationalizing public expenditures, with priority to completing schemes with the highest returns; and (iv) allocating sufficient resources for operations and maintenance for the sustainability of investments.Facilitating agric ultural diversification to higher-value commodities: Encouraging farmers todiversify to higher value commodities will be a significant factor for higher agricultural growth, particularly in rain-fed areas where poverty is high. Moreover, considerable potential exists for expanding agro-processing and building competitive value chains from producers to urban centers and export markets. While diversification initiatives should be left to farmers and entrepreneurs, the Government can, first and foremost, liberalize constraints to marketing, transport, export and processing.It can also play a small regulatory role, taking due care that this does not become an impediment. Promoting high growth commodities: Some agricultural sub-sectors have particularly high potential for expansion, notably dairy. The livestock sector, primarily due to dairy, contributes over a quarter of agricultural GDP and is a source of income for 70% of India’s rural families, mostly those who are poor and he aded by women. Growth in milk production, at about 4% per annum, has been brisk, but future domestic demand is expected to grow by at least 5% per annum.Milk production is constrained, however, by the poor genetic quality of cows, inadequate nutrients, inaccessible veterinary care, and other factors. A targeted program to tackle these constraints could boost production and have good impact on poverty. Developing markets, agricultural credit and public expenditures: India’s legacy of extensive government involvement in agricultural marketing has created restrictions in internal and external trade, resulting in cumbersome and high-cost marketing and transport options for agricultural commodities.Even so, private sector investment in marketing, value chains and agro-processing is growing, but much slower than potential. While some restrictions are being lifted, considerably more needs to be done to enable diversification and minimize consumer prices. Improving access to rural fi nance for farmers is another need as it remains difficult for farmers to get credit. Moreover, subsidies on power, fertilizers and irrigation have progressively come to dominate Government expenditures on the sector, and are now four times larger than investment expenditures, crowding out top priorities such as agricultural research and extension.

How Can We Help Our Ecosystem - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 891 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Pollution Essay Did you like this example? When going shopping at the grocery store, do you usually pay attention to where the produce is shipped from? Most of the time, people really do not care about where their food is from. Corporate farms produce many products that people buy everyday, but at a cost. The fact is, everyday the global warming and pollution on the planet gets worse. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Can We Help Our Ecosystem?" essay for you Create order Although corporate farms supply a majority of the produce, they also produce a majority of the pollution. Buying local is better than buying from corporate farms because it is helping keep the ecosystem clean by producing less pollution, contributing less greenhouse gases, and by having less waste to dispose of. Small, local farms produce less pollution and are more eco friendly than corporate farms. Many harmful chemical products are used in agriculture, the most common being pesticides. When looking at the vast series of environmental problems, it was found that factory farms are one of the top causes of pollution. (Pollution (Water, Air Chemicals))Large scale farming, found at corporate farms, usually use more pesticides in their crop fields. Insecticides, herbicides and fungicides are some of the pesticides used, and although they might be harmless in smaller portions, large farms have to use huge amounts to cover all the crops they grow. The problem is that most of these pesticides contain carcinogens, a substance that can cause cancer in living tissue. Smaller farms, on the other hand, are more environmentally sustainable and more aware about what they use for their plants when farming. Chemical pollution is just one type of pollution that larger farms cause. Water and air pollution ar e also a big factor in factory farms environments, which can lead to a whole other problem, greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are becoming a big problem that play a large part in pollution. Factory farms are a danger to the climate as it is a fact that livestock production contributes 14.5 percent of human caused greenhouse emissions. (yes_magazine) Since the factory farms have so much meat that they produce, it is not hard to see just how much greenhouse emissions are caused by them. More sustainable meat production tactics like local farms and grass-fed operations have less greenhouse emissions compared to corporate farms. (yes_magazine) The burning of fossil fuels causes a release of greenhouse gases, such as methane and carbon dioxide, which leads to global warming. Factory farms rely heavily on fossil fuels to help power machinery that is used in their daily routine when tending to their crops and livestock. Also a large majority of fossil fuels is use just to transport the produce, traveling across states to deliver their product. Family farms use less fossil-fuel energy than their co mpetitors as they do not use machines as much in their daily setting. Also, when people buy local, small farms do not have to worry about burning mass amounts of fossil fuels transporting their produce. Some argue that buying locally has some negative effects, and although they are right, there are also a large amount of positive outcomes as well. Buying locally might not be the best plan financially, as most smaller farms have to increase their product cost to beat the competitors, but it is worth it to keep the planet cleaner. Also buying local does have less choices when it comes to picking out products. Some coastal states will not be able to grow certain crops well, and the more central states will not have access to sealand. This can be difficult if you have a specific taste or need. Although there are some negatives when it come to buying local, the benefits outweigh those risks. Local farms are a much greener option, that can help the planet survive. The farms produce less greenhouse gases, and chose not to use harmful pesticides that can have negative effects. Small farms also produce less waste, helping to decrease how much pollution is created. When it comes to manure, larger farms usually produce larger amounts opposed to smaller farms. The problem arises when all the excess nitrogen in the manure evaporates as ammonia. The high levels of ammonia can be harmful and cause burning in the nose and throat. (Beyond Factory Farming) Small, sustainable farms help minimizing waste, the use of chemical, pollution, and other harmful factors to the environment. (Lunsford, 2017) The United States is scored at one of the top in the world of methane emissions from waste. (GRACE Communications Foundation) Data has shown that agriculture is a cause of making 145,000 miles of rivers and streams too polluted for various activities and wildlife. (Corporate Agribusiness) Larger farms usually care more about producing then the effect they have on the ecosystem. With some much livestock, larger farms produce too much manure, more than can be absorbed by other fields. This leads to runoff into water and contaminates it, creating water pollution. Factory farms livestock waste has up to 30 times more power to pollute water than human waste. (Beyond Factory Farming) Raising livestock in smaller amounts can minimize manure as a pollution threat. Buying locally can improve the state of the planet and minimize all negative effects that pollution, greenhouse gases, and livestock waste create. Although there are sacrifices when buying local, such as less seasonal produce and higher prices, the world will become healthier, extending new possibilities for a greener life.

Binge Drinking On Americas Campuses Essay - 2203 Words

Binge Drinking on Americas Campuses On any Friday or Saturday night, the average college student is usually drinking, dancing and out having fun. They typically party with friends at fraternity parties, bars, and clubs; and unfortunately most of these students are underage, consuming excessive amounts of alcohol or Binge Drinking. Binge drinking results in several detrimental outcomes, some are even fatal. Today this type of drinking is rampant on educational campuses everywhere. Large and small, urban and rural educational institutions are not left unaffected by this growing trend to binge drink. Binge drinking is defined as the consumption of five or more drinks, in a row, on at least one occasion (NCADI). Several†¦show more content†¦There are countless ways to binge drink. The most common way is to just drink, and drink, and drink some more until the person either regurgitates the alcohol, ?passes out?, or just stops drinking. Peer pressure to binge drink is extremely influential and powerful in pushing students to binge. There are many different ways to binge drink. One way is to play drinking card games. First, there is a card game called ?Asshole?, in which the dealer deals the deck of cards out to any number of people. The object of this game is to get rid of all your cards first in order from 2 to Ace. The first person to be rid of all his/her cards is ?president? in the next game; the last person to get rid of his/her cards is the ?Asshole?. In the second game, the ?president? can make anyone in the game drink, as many times as he/she wants. Also, anyon e in the game who is not the ?Asshole? may tell the ?Asshole? to drink at anytime. There are numerous other card games utilized to binge drink. This list includes games such as: 31, Kings, F*** You Pyramid, and High-Low. Another way to binge drinking is the game called ?Beer Pong?. 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